Every surgical incision leaves a scar, as scar formation is part of how the body heals. How a scar settles — its appearance, texture and prominence — depends on factors such as skin type, genetics, and the size and position of the incision. Some patients form raised hypertrophic or keloid scars. Where a scar heals in a way that concerns you, your surgeon can discuss the treatment options that may help.

Infection

Any operation carries a risk of infection, which occurs when bacteria enter the surgical site. Signs can include redness, increasing pain, discharge, or a wound that is slow to heal. Strict sterile technique is used throughout surgery to reduce this risk, and close attention to your post-operative care instructions is an important part of preventing it. Infections identified early can usually be managed with antibiotics, so report any of these signs promptly.

Pain

Some pain is expected after surgery. How much you feel, and for how long, varies with the procedure and with individual differences in pain tolerance. A degree of discomfort is normal, though pain that is severe or that persists beyond what is expected can signal a complication and should be reviewed. Your surgeon will outline a pain-management plan, including any prescribed medication and guidance on rest during recovery.

Bleeding

Bleeding can occur during or after surgery, either externally at the wound or internally beneath the skin (a haematoma). Internal bleeding may show as pain, a feeling of pressure, or swelling in the area. Seek medical attention promptly if you notice unusual swelling or bleeding after your procedure.

Seroma

A seroma is a build-up of clear lymphatic fluid beneath the skin, which can form when surgery disturbs the lymphatic vessels. It may present as pain, a sensation of pressure, a visible swelling, or clear fluid draining from the wound. Seromas are usually a minor complication, though some require drainage or further treatment to allow the area to heal.

Anaesthetic complications

Anaesthesia carries its own risks alongside its role in managing pain. Possible complications include allergic reactions, injury related to intubation, malignant hyperthermia, and changes in blood pressure or breathing. You are monitored continuously throughout surgery so that any such issue can be identified and managed without delay.

Undesirable cosmetic outcome

Even with established techniques and an experienced surgeon, an undesirable cosmetic outcome remains a possibility. This might take the form of asymmetry, puckering of the skin, or a result that does not align with what you had hoped for. Holding realistic expectations and discussing likely outcomes thoroughly at consultation are an important part of preparing for surgery. Revision surgery can sometimes address these concerns, though correction cannot be guaranteed.

Nerve damage

Nerve damage is an uncommon but recognised risk of surgery. It can follow the handling of tissue during the procedure or an inadvertent injury to a nerve, and may cause numbness, tingling or altered sensation in the area. Sensation often returns gradually over weeks to months, though in rare cases changes can be lasting. Report any unusual sensations after surgery so they can be assessed.

Bruising and swelling

Bruising and swelling are a usual part of healing after surgery. Following your post-operative instructions helps — elevating the area where advised, using cold compresses, and avoiding strenuous activity. Swelling that is unusually prolonged, or deep, dark bruising, should be reviewed, so contact the practice for an assessment if you notice either.

Death

As with any surgical procedure, there is a very rare but real risk of death. This may relate to severe complications, an adverse reaction to anaesthesia, or an underlying health condition. Thorough pre-operative screening and current surgical and safety protocols are used to protect patients throughout. Being open about your full medical history at consultation, and following the pre-operative and post-operative guidance closely, both support your safety during care.